New ‘Gambling Carnot Engine’ Challenges 200-Year-Old Thermodynamic Law

Almost 200 years after the Carnot limit defined the maximum efficiency of heat engines, scientists have introduced a microscopic design that seems to break the rule. Called the “Gambling Carnot Engine,” it works by monitoring a single trapped particle and stepping in at just the right instant. This clever feedback process allows the engine to convert nearly all absorbed heat into usable work.